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Zixuan Chen 6311782943 perf: optimize compress & speed 
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ttps://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/index.html#macros">Macros</a></li><li><a h=
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i></ul></section></div></nav><main><div class=3D"width-limiter"><nav class=
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main-heading"><h1>Module <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/index.htm=
l">std</a>::<wbr><a class=3D"mod" href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin=
/index.html#">pin</a><button id=3D"copy-path" title=3D"Copy item path to cl=
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35ce49a181d.svg" width=3D"19" height=3D"18" alt=3D"Copy item path"></button=
></h1><span class=3D"out-of-band"><span class=3D"since" title=3D"Stable sin=
ce Rust version 1.33.0"><a class=3D"rse-link" href=3D"https://github.com/ru=
st-lang/rust/blob/master/RELEASES.md?version=3D1.33.0">1.33.0</a></span> =
=C2=B7 <a class=3D"srclink" href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/core/lib.=
rs.html#366">source</a> =C2=B7 <button id=3D"toggle-all-docs" title=3D"coll=
apse all docs">[<span>=E2=88=92</span>]</button></span></div><details class=
=3D"toggle top-doc" open=3D""><summary class=3D"hideme"><span>Expand descri=
ption</span></summary><div class=3D"docblock"><p>Types that pin data to its=
location in memory.</p>
<p>It is sometimes useful to have objects that are guaranteed not to move,
in the sense that their placement in memory does not change, and can thus b=
e relied upon.
A prime example of such a scenario would be building self-referential struc=
ts,
as moving an object with pointers to itself will invalidate them, which cou=
ld cause undefined
behavior.</p>
<p>At a high level, a <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/st=
ruct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code> ensur=
es that the pointee of any pointer type
<code>P</code> has a stable location in memory, meaning it cannot be moved =
elsewhere
and its memory cannot be deallocated until it gets dropped. We say that the
pointee is =E2=80=9Cpinned=E2=80=9D. Things get more subtle when discussing=
types that
combine pinned with non-pinned data; <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/pin/index.html#projections-and-structural-pinning">see below</a>
for more details.</p>
<p>By default, all types in Rust are movable. Rust allows passing all types=
by-value,
and common smart-pointer types such as <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-la=
ng.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> and=
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" t=
itle=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> T</code> allow
replacing and moving the values they contain: you can move out of a <code><=
a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box=
">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>,
or you can use <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.swap.html" t=
itle=3D"mem::swap"><code>mem::swap</code></a>. <code><a href=3D"https://doc=
.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin<=
/a>&lt;P&gt;</code> wraps a pointer type <code>P</code>, so
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> functio=
ns much like a regular <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed=
/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>:
when a <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" =
title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.=
org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> ge=
ts dropped, so do its contents, and the memory gets
deallocated. Similarly, <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/=
struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https=
://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable referen=
ce">&amp;mut</a> T&gt;</code> is a lot like <code><a href=3D"https://doc.ru=
st-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;=
mut</a> T</code>.
However, <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html=
" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code> does not let clien=
ts actually obtain a <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/s=
truct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>
or <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html"=
title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> T</code> to pinned data, which im=
plies that you cannot use operations such
as <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.swap.html" title=3D"mem:=
:swap"><code>mem::swap</code></a>:</p>
<div class=3D"example-wrap"><pre class=3D"rust rust-example-rendered"><code=
><span class=3D"kw">use </span>std::pin::Pin;
<span class=3D"kw">fn </span>swap_pins&lt;T&gt;(x: Pin&lt;<span class=3D"kw=
-2">&amp;mut </span>T&gt;, y: Pin&lt;<span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>T=
&gt;) {
<span class=3D"comment">// `mem::swap` needs `&amp;mut T`, but we canno=
t get it.
// We are stuck, we cannot swap the contents of these references.
// We could use `Pin::get_unchecked_mut`, but that is unsafe for a reas=
on:
// we are not allowed to use it for moving things out of the `Pin`.
</span>}</code></pre><a class=3D"test-arrow" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http=
s://play.rust-lang.org/?code=3D%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn+main()+%7B%0Aus=
e+std::pin::Pin;%0Afn+swap_pins%3CT%3E(x:+Pin%3C%26mut+T%3E,+y:+Pin%3C%26mu=
t+T%3E)+%7B%0A++++//+%60mem::swap%60+needs+%60%26mut+T%60,+but+we+cannot+ge=
t+it.%0A++++//+We+are+stuck,+we+cannot+swap+the+contents+of+these+reference=
s.%0A++++//+We+could+use+%60Pin::get_unchecked_mut%60,+but+that+is+unsafe+f=
or+a+reason:%0A++++//+we+are+not+allowed+to+use+it+for+moving+things+out+of=
+the+%60Pin%60.%0A%7D%0A%7D&amp;edition=3D2021">Run</a></div>
<p>It is worth reiterating that <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/=
std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</c=
ode> does <em>not</em> change the fact that a Rust
compiler considers all types movable. <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/=
std/mem/fn.swap.html" title=3D"mem::swap"><code>mem::swap</code></a> remain=
s callable for any <code>T</code>. Instead,
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code> prevents certain <em>valu=
es</em> (pointed to by pointers wrapped in
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code>) from being moved by maki=
ng it impossible to call methods that require
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" ti=
tle=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> T</code> on them (like <a href=3D"ht=
tps://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.swap.html" title=3D"mem::swap"><code>mem=
::swap</code></a>).</p>
<p><code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" titl=
e=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code> can be used to wrap any =
pointer type <code>P</code>, and as such it interacts with
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html" title=3D"ops=
::Deref"><code>Deref</code></a> and <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/st=
d/ops/trait.DerefMut.html" title=3D"ops::DerefMut"><code>DerefMut</code></a=
>. A <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" ti=
tle=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code> where <code>P: <a href=
=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html" title=3D"ops::Deref=
">Deref</a></code> should be
considered as a =E2=80=9C<code>P</code>-style pointer=E2=80=9D to a pinned =
<code>P::<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#asso=
ciatedtype.Target" title=3D"ops::Deref::Target">Target</a></code> =E2=80=93=
so, a
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> is an o=
wned pointer to a pinned <code>T</code>, and a
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/rc/struct.Rc.html" title=3D"rc::Rc">Rc</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> is a refe=
rence-counted pointer to a pinned <code>T</code>.
For correctness, <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.=
Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code> relies on =
the implementations of <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.D=
eref.html" title=3D"ops::Deref"><code>Deref</code></a> and
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.DerefMut.html" title=3D"=
ops::DerefMut"><code>DerefMut</code></a> not to move out of their <code>sel=
f</code> parameter, and only ever to
return a pointer to pinned data when they are called on a pinned pointer.</=
p>
<h2 id=3D"unpin"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/index.html#un=
pin"><code>Unpin</code></a></h2>
<p>Many types are always freely movable, even when pinned, because they do =
not
rely on having a stable address. This includes all the basic types (like
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.bool.html" title=3D"prim=
itive bool"><code>bool</code></a>, <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std=
/primitive.i32.html" title=3D"primitive i32"><code>i32</code></a>, and refe=
rences) as well as types consisting solely of these
types. Types that do not care about pinning implement the <a href=3D"https:=
//doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker=
::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a>
auto-trait, which cancels the effect of <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-l=
ang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;=
P&gt;</code>. For <code>T: <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/=
trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a></code>,
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> and <co=
de><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D=
"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> function identically, as do
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> T&gt;=
</code> and <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.refere=
nce.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> T</code>.</p>
<p>Note that pinning and <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/tr=
ait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a> o=
nly affect the pointed-to type <code>P::<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.or=
g/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#associatedtype.Target" title=3D"ops::Deref::Targ=
et">Target</a></code>,
not the pointer type <code>P</code> itself that got wrapped in <code><a hre=
f=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std=
::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code>. For example,
whether or not <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.=
Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> is <a href=3D"https://doc.r=
ust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin=
"><code>Unpin</code></a> has no effect on the behavior of
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> (here, =
<code>T</code> is the pointed-to type).</p>
<h2 id=3D"example-self-referential-struct"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang=
.org/std/pin/index.html#example-self-referential-struct">Example: self-refe=
rential struct</a></h2>
<p>Before we go into more details to explain the guarantees and choices
associated with <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.P=
in.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;P&gt;</code>, we discuss=
some examples for how it might be used.
Feel free to <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/index.html#drop-g=
uarantee">skip to where the theoretical discussion continues</a>.</p>
<div class=3D"example-wrap"><pre class=3D"rust rust-example-rendered"><code=
><span class=3D"kw">use </span>std::pin::Pin;
<span class=3D"kw">use </span>std::marker::PhantomPinned;
<span class=3D"kw">use </span>std::ptr::NonNull;
<span class=3D"comment">// This is a self-referential struct because the sl=
ice field points to the data field.
// We cannot inform the compiler about that with a normal reference,
// as this pattern cannot be described with the usual borrowing rules.
// Instead we use a raw pointer, though one which is known not to be null,
// as we know it's pointing at the string.
</span><span class=3D"kw">struct </span>Unmovable {
data: String,
slice: NonNull&lt;String&gt;,
_pin: PhantomPinned,
}
<span class=3D"kw">impl </span>Unmovable {
<span class=3D"comment">// To ensure the data doesn't move when the fun=
ction returns,
// we place it in the heap where it will stay for the lifetime of the o=
bject,
// and the only way to access it would be through a pointer to it.
</span><span class=3D"kw">fn </span>new(data: String) -&gt; Pin&lt;Box&=
lt;<span class=3D"self">Self</span>&gt;&gt; {
<span class=3D"kw">let </span>res =3D Unmovable {
data,
<span class=3D"comment">// we only create the pointer once the =
data is in place
// otherwise it will have already moved before we even started
</span>slice: NonNull::dangling(),
_pin: PhantomPinned,
};
<span class=3D"kw">let </span><span class=3D"kw-2">mut </span>boxed=
=3D Box::pin(res);
<span class=3D"kw">let </span>slice =3D NonNull::from(<span class=
=3D"kw-2">&amp;</span>boxed.data);
<span class=3D"comment">// we know this is safe because modifying a=
field doesn't move the whole struct
</span><span class=3D"kw">unsafe </span>{
<span class=3D"kw">let </span>mut_ref: Pin&lt;<span class=3D"kw=
-2">&amp;mut </span><span class=3D"self">Self</span>&gt; =3D Pin::as_mut(<s=
pan class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>boxed);
Pin::get_unchecked_mut(mut_ref).slice =3D slice;
}
boxed
}
}
<span class=3D"kw">let </span>unmoved =3D Unmovable::new(<span class=3D"str=
ing">"hello"</span>.to_string());
<span class=3D"comment">// The pointer should point to the correct location=
,
// so long as the struct hasn't moved.
// Meanwhile, we are free to move the pointer around.
</span><span class=3D"kw">let </span><span class=3D"kw-2">mut </span>still_=
unmoved =3D unmoved;
<span class=3D"macro">assert_eq!</span>(still_unmoved.slice, NonNull::from(=
<span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;</span>still_unmoved.data));
<span class=3D"comment">// Since our type doesn't implement Unpin, this wil=
l fail to compile:
// let mut new_unmoved =3D Unmovable::new("world".to_string());
// std::mem::swap(&amp;mut *still_unmoved, &amp;mut *new_unmoved);</span></=
code></pre><a class=3D"test-arrow" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://play.r=
ust-lang.org/?code=3D%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn+main()+%7B%0Ause+std::pin=
::Pin;%0Ause+std::marker::PhantomPinned;%0Ause+std::ptr::NonNull;%0A%0A//+T=
his+is+a+self-referential+struct+because+the+slice+field+points+to+the+data=
+field.%0A//+We+cannot+inform+the+compiler+about+that+with+a+normal+referen=
ce,%0A//+as+this+pattern+cannot+be+described+with+the+usual+borrowing+rules=
.%0A//+Instead+we+use+a+raw+pointer,+though+one+which+is+known+not+to+be+nu=
ll,%0A//+as+we+know+it%27s+pointing+at+the+string.%0Astruct+Unmovable+%7B%0=
A++++data:+String,%0A++++slice:+NonNull%3CString%3E,%0A++++_pin:+PhantomPin=
ned,%0A%7D%0A%0Aimpl+Unmovable+%7B%0A++++//+To+ensure+the+data+doesn%27t+mo=
ve+when+the+function+returns,%0A++++//+we+place+it+in+the+heap+where+it+wil=
l+stay+for+the+lifetime+of+the+object,%0A++++//+and+the+only+way+to+access+=
it+would+be+through+a+pointer+to+it.%0A++++fn+new(data:+String)+-%3E+Pin%3C=
Box%3CSelf%3E%3E+%7B%0A++++++++let+res+=3D+Unmovable+%7B%0A++++++++++++data=
,%0A++++++++++++//+we+only+create+the+pointer+once+the+data+is+in+place%0A+=
+++++++++++//+otherwise+it+will+have+already+moved+before+we+even+started%0=
A++++++++++++slice:+NonNull::dangling(),%0A++++++++++++_pin:+PhantomPinned,=
%0A++++++++%7D;%0A++++++++let+mut+boxed+=3D+Box::pin(res);%0A%0A++++++++let=
+slice+=3D+NonNull::from(%26boxed.data);%0A++++++++//+we+know+this+is+safe+=
because+modifying+a+field+doesn%27t+move+the+whole+struct%0A++++++++unsafe+=
%7B%0A++++++++++++let+mut_ref:+Pin%3C%26mut+Self%3E+=3D+Pin::as_mut(%26mut+=
boxed);%0A++++++++++++Pin::get_unchecked_mut(mut_ref).slice+=3D+slice;%0A++=
++++++%7D%0A++++++++boxed%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Alet+unmoved+=3D+Unmovable::n=
ew(%22hello%22.to_string());%0A//+The+pointer+should+point+to+the+correct+l=
ocation,%0A//+so+long+as+the+struct+hasn%27t+moved.%0A//+Meanwhile,+we+are+=
free+to+move+the+pointer+around.%0A%23%5Ballow(unused_mut)%5D%0Alet+mut+sti=
ll_unmoved+=3D+unmoved;%0Aassert_eq!(still_unmoved.slice,+NonNull::from(%26=
still_unmoved.data));%0A%0A//+Since+our+type+doesn%27t+implement+Unpin,+thi=
s+will+fail+to+compile:%0A//+let+mut+new_unmoved+=3D+Unmovable::new(%22worl=
d%22.to_string());%0A//+std::mem::swap(%26mut+*still_unmoved,+%26mut+*new_u=
nmoved);%0A%7D&amp;edition=3D2021">Run</a></div>
<h2 id=3D"example-intrusive-doubly-linked-list"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust=
-lang.org/std/pin/index.html#example-intrusive-doubly-linked-list">Example:=
intrusive doubly-linked list</a></h2>
<p>In an intrusive doubly-linked list, the collection does not actually all=
ocate
the memory for the elements itself. Allocation is controlled by the clients=
,
and elements can live on a stack frame that lives shorter than the collecti=
on does.</p>
<p>To make this work, every element has pointers to its predecessor and suc=
cessor in
the list. Elements can only be added when they are pinned, because moving t=
he elements
around would invalidate the pointers. Moreover, the <a href=3D"https://doc.=
rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html" title=3D"trait std::ops::Drop"><code=
>Drop</code></a> implementation of a linked
list element will patch the pointers of its predecessor and successor to re=
move itself
from the list.</p>
<p>Crucially, we have to be able to rely on <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lan=
g.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop=
::drop"><code>drop</code></a> being called. If an element
could be deallocated or otherwise invalidated without calling <a href=3D"ht=
tps://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"met=
hod std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a>, the pointers into it
from its neighboring elements would become invalid, which would break the d=
ata structure.</p>
<p>Therefore, pinning also comes with a <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.or=
g/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::dr=
op"><code>drop</code></a>-related guarantee.</p>
<h2 id=3D"drop-guarantee"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/inde=
x.html#drop-guarantee"><code>Drop</code> guarantee</a></h2>
<p>The purpose of pinning is to be able to rely on the placement of some da=
ta in memory.
To make this work, not just moving the data is restricted; deallocating, re=
purposing, or
otherwise invalidating the memory used to store the data is restricted, too=
.
Concretely, for pinned data you have to maintain the invariant
that <em>its memory will not get invalidated or repurposed from the moment =
it gets pinned until
when <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.=
drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a> is called=
</em>. Only once <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.h=
tml#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code><=
/a> returns or panics, the memory may be reused.</p>
<p>Memory can be =E2=80=9Cinvalidated=E2=80=9D by deallocation, but also by
replacing a <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Opti=
on.html#variant.Some" title=3D"variant std::option::Option::Some">Some</a>(=
v)</code> by <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.ht=
ml#variant.None" title=3D"variant std::option::Option::None"><code>None</co=
de></a>, or calling <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec=
.html#method.set_len" title=3D"Vec::set_len"><code>Vec::set_len</code></a> =
to =E2=80=9Ckill=E2=80=9D some
elements off of a vector. It can be repurposed by using <a href=3D"https://=
doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/fn.write.html" title=3D"ptr::write"><code>ptr::wr=
ite</code></a> to overwrite it without
calling the destructor first. None of this is allowed for pinned data witho=
ut calling <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tym=
ethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a>.</p=
>
<p>This is exactly the kind of guarantee that the intrusive linked list fro=
m the previous
section needs to function correctly.</p>
<p>Notice that this guarantee does <em>not</em> mean that memory does not l=
eak! It is still
completely okay to not ever call <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/o=
ps/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><co=
de>drop</code></a> on a pinned element (e.g., you can still
call <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget.html" title=3D"=
mem::forget"><code>mem::forget</code></a> on a <code><a href=3D"https://doc=
.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin<=
/a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" titl=
e=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code>). In the example of the doubly-linked
list, that element would just stay in the list. However you must not free o=
r reuse the storage
<em>without calling <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop=
.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code=
></a></em>.</p>
<h2 id=3D"drop-implementation"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin=
/index.html#drop-implementation"><code>Drop</code> implementation</a></h2>
<p>If your type uses pinning (such as the two examples above), you have to =
be careful
when implementing <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.h=
tml" title=3D"trait std::ops::Drop"><code>Drop</code></a>. The <a href=3D"h=
ttps://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"me=
thod std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a> function takes <code><a hr=
ef=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"muta=
ble reference">&amp;mut</a> self</code>, but this
is called <em>even if your type was previously pinned</em>! It is as if the
compiler automatically called <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/=
struct.Pin.html#method.get_unchecked_mut" title=3D"method std::pin::Pin::ge=
t_unchecked_mut"><code>Pin::get_unchecked_mut</code></a>.</p>
<p>This can never cause a problem in safe code because implementing a type =
that
relies on pinning requires unsafe code, but be aware that deciding to make
use of pinning in your type (for example by implementing some operation on
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"shared reference">&amp;</a>Self&gt;</=
code> or <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html=
" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lan=
g.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a=
> Self&gt;</code>) has consequences for your
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html" title=3D"trai=
t std::ops::Drop"><code>Drop</code></a> implementation as well: if an eleme=
nt of your type could have been pinned,
you must treat <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html=
" title=3D"trait std::ops::Drop"><code>Drop</code></a> as implicitly taking=
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Self&=
gt;</code>.</p>
<p>For example, you could implement <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/st=
d/ops/trait.Drop.html" title=3D"trait std::ops::Drop"><code>Drop</code></a>=
as follows:</p>
<div class=3D"example-wrap"><pre class=3D"rust rust-example-rendered"><code=
><span class=3D"kw">impl </span>Drop <span class=3D"kw">for </span>Type {
<span class=3D"kw">fn </span>drop(<span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>=
<span class=3D"self">self</span>) {
<span class=3D"comment">// `new_unchecked` is okay because we know =
this value is never used
// again after being dropped.
</span>inner_drop(<span class=3D"kw">unsafe </span>{ Pin::new_unche=
cked(<span class=3D"self">self</span>)});
<span class=3D"kw">fn </span>inner_drop(this: Pin&lt;<span class=3D=
"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Type&gt;) {
<span class=3D"comment">// Actual drop code goes here.
</span>}
}
}</code></pre><a class=3D"test-arrow" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://pla=
y.rust-lang.org/?code=3D%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn+main()+%7B%0Ause+std::=
pin::Pin;%0Astruct+Type+%7B+%7D%0Aimpl+Drop+for+Type+%7B%0A++++fn+drop(%26m=
ut+self)+%7B%0A++++++++//+%60new_unchecked%60+is+okay+because+we+know+this+=
value+is+never+used%0A++++++++//+again+after+being+dropped.%0A++++++++inner=
_drop(unsafe+%7B+Pin::new_unchecked(self)%7D);%0A++++++++fn+inner_drop(this=
:+Pin%3C%26mut+Type%3E)+%7B%0A++++++++++++//+Actual+drop+code+goes+here.%0A=
++++++++%7D%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%7D&amp;edition=3D2021">Run</a></div>
<p>The function <code>inner_drop</code> has the type that <a href=3D"https:=
//doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method =
std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a> <em>should</em> have, so this m=
akes sure that
you do not accidentally use <code>self</code>/<code>this</code> in a way th=
at is in conflict with pinning.</p>
<p>Moreover, if your type is <code>#[repr(packed)]</code>, the compiler wil=
l automatically
move fields around to be able to drop them. It might even do
that for fields that happen to be sufficiently aligned. As a consequence, y=
ou cannot use
pinning with a <code>#[repr(packed)]</code> type.</p>
<h2 id=3D"projections-and-structural-pinning"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-l=
ang.org/std/pin/index.html#projections-and-structural-pinning">Projections =
and Structural Pinning</a></h2>
<p>When working with pinned structs, the question arises how one can access=
the
fields of that struct in a method that takes just <code><a href=3D"https://=
doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">P=
in</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html=
" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Struct&gt;</code>.
The usual approach is to write helper methods (so called <em>projections</e=
m>)
that turn <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.htm=
l" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-la=
ng.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</=
a> Struct&gt;</code> into a reference to the field, but what type should
that reference have? Is it <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/p=
in/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"ht=
tps://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable refe=
rence">&amp;mut</a> Field&gt;</code> or <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-l=
ang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut<=
/a> Field</code>?
The same question arises with the fields of an <code>enum</code>, and also =
when considering
container/wrapper types such as <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/=
std/vec/struct.Vec.html" title=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code><a hr=
ef=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Bo=
x</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>,
or <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html"=
title=3D"cell::RefCell">RefCell</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>. (This question applie=
s to both mutable and shared references,
we just use the more common case of mutable references here for illustratio=
n.)</p>
<p>It turns out that it is actually up to the author of the data structure =
to decide whether
the pinned projection for a particular field turns <code><a href=3D"https:/=
/doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">=
Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.htm=
l" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Struct&gt;</code>
into <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" ti=
tle=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.or=
g/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Fi=
eld&gt;</code> or <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.=
reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Field</code>. Ther=
e are some
constraints though, and the most important constraint is <em>consistency</e=
m>:
every field can be <em>either</em> projected to a pinned reference, <em>or<=
/em> have
pinning removed as part of the projection. If both are done for the same fi=
eld,
that will likely be unsound!</p>
<p>As the author of a data structure you get to decide for each field wheth=
er pinning
=E2=80=9Cpropagates=E2=80=9D to this field or not. Pinning that propagates =
is also called =E2=80=9Cstructural=E2=80=9D,
because it follows the structure of the type.
In the following subsections, we describe the considerations that have to b=
e made
for either choice.</p>
<h3 id=3D"pinning-is-not-structural-for-field"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-=
lang.org/std/pin/index.html#pinning-is-not-structural-for-field">Pinning <e=
m>is not</em> structural for <code>field</code></a></h3>
<p>It may seem counter-intuitive that the field of a pinned struct might no=
t be pinned,
but that is actually the easiest choice: if a <code><a href=3D"https://doc.=
rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</=
a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" ti=
tle=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Field&gt;</code> is never created,
nothing can go wrong! So, if you decide that some field does not have struc=
tural pinning,
all you have to ensure is that you never create a pinned reference to that =
field.</p>
<p>Fields without structural pinning may have a projection method that turn=
s
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Struc=
t&gt;</code> into <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.=
reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Field</code>:</p>
<div class=3D"example-wrap"><pre class=3D"rust rust-example-rendered"><code=
><span class=3D"kw">impl </span>Struct {
<span class=3D"kw">fn </span>pin_get_field(<span class=3D"self">self</s=
pan>: Pin&lt;<span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class=3D"self">Self=
</span>&gt;) -&gt; <span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Field {
<span class=3D"comment">// This is okay because `field` is never co=
nsidered pinned.
</span><span class=3D"kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class=3D"kw-2">&amp=
;mut </span><span class=3D"self">self</span>.get_unchecked_mut().field }
}
}</code></pre><a class=3D"test-arrow" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://pla=
y.rust-lang.org/?code=3D%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn+main()+%7B%0Ause+std::=
pin::Pin;%0Atype+Field+=3D+i32;%0Astruct+Struct+%7B+field:+Field+%7D%0Aimpl=
+Struct+%7B%0A++++fn+pin_get_field(self:+Pin%3C%26mut+Self%3E)+-%3E+%26mut+=
Field+%7B%0A++++++++//+This+is+okay+because+%60field%60+is+never+considered=
+pinned.%0A++++++++unsafe+%7B+%26mut+self.get_unchecked_mut().field+%7D%0A+=
+++%7D%0A%7D%0A%7D&amp;edition=3D2021">Run</a></div>
<p>You may also <code>impl <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/=
trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a> for Struct</=
code> <em>even if</em> the type of <code>field</code>
is not <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" ti=
tle=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a>. What that type thi=
nks about pinning is not relevant
when no <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html"=
title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang=
.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a>=
Field&gt;</code> is ever created.</p>
<h3 id=3D"pinning-is-structural-for-field"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang=
.org/std/pin/index.html#pinning-is-structural-for-field">Pinning <em>is</em=
> structural for <code>field</code></a></h3>
<p>The other option is to decide that pinning is =E2=80=9Cstructural=E2=80=
=9D for <code>field</code>,
meaning that if the struct is pinned then so is the field.</p>
<p>This allows writing a projection that creates a <code><a href=3D"https:/=
/doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">=
Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.htm=
l" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Field&gt;</code>, thus
witnessing that the field is pinned:</p>
<div class=3D"example-wrap"><pre class=3D"rust rust-example-rendered"><code=
><span class=3D"kw">impl </span>Struct {
<span class=3D"kw">fn </span>pin_get_field(<span class=3D"self">self</s=
pan>: Pin&lt;<span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class=3D"self">Self=
</span>&gt;) -&gt; Pin&lt;<span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Field&gt; {
<span class=3D"comment">// This is okay because `field` is pinned w=
hen `self` is.
</span><span class=3D"kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class=3D"self">self=
</span>.map_unchecked_mut(|s| <span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>s.field)=
}
}
}</code></pre><a class=3D"test-arrow" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://pla=
y.rust-lang.org/?code=3D%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn+main()+%7B%0Ause+std::=
pin::Pin;%0Atype+Field+=3D+i32;%0Astruct+Struct+%7B+field:+Field+%7D%0Aimpl=
+Struct+%7B%0A++++fn+pin_get_field(self:+Pin%3C%26mut+Self%3E)+-%3E+Pin%3C%=
26mut+Field%3E+%7B%0A++++++++//+This+is+okay+because+%60field%60+is+pinned+=
when+%60self%60+is.%0A++++++++unsafe+%7B+self.map_unchecked_mut(%7Cs%7C+%26=
mut+s.field)+%7D%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%7D&amp;edition=3D2021">Run</a></div>
<p>However, structural pinning comes with a few extra requirements:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>The struct must only be <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/=
trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a>=
if all the structural fields are
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"=
trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a>. This is the default, but =
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"=
trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a> is a safe trait, so as the=
author of
the struct it is your responsibility <em>not</em> to add something like
<code>impl&lt;T&gt; <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.U=
npin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a> for Struct&lt;T&gt;=
</code>. (Notice that adding a projection operation
requires unsafe code, so the fact that <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org=
/std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpi=
n</code></a> is a safe trait does not break
the principle that you only have to worry about any of this if you use <a h=
ref=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.unsafe.html" title=3D"keyword =
unsafe"><code>unsafe</code></a>.)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The destructor of the struct must not move structural fields out of its =
argument. This
is the exact point that was raised in the <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.=
org/std/pin/index.html#drop-implementation">previous section</a>: <a href=
=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=
=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a> takes
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" ti=
tle=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> self</code>, but the struct (and hen=
ce its fields) might have been pinned
before. You have to guarantee that you do not move a field inside your <a h=
ref=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html" title=3D"trait st=
d::ops::Drop"><code>Drop</code></a>
implementation. In particular, as explained previously, this means that you=
r struct
must <em>not</em> be <code>#[repr(packed)]</code>.
See that section for how to write <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/=
ops/trait.Drop.html#tymethod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><c=
ode>drop</code></a> in a way that the compiler can help you
not accidentally break pinning.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You must make sure that you uphold the <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.=
org/std/pin/index.html#drop-guarantee"><code>Drop</code> guarantee</a>:
once your struct is pinned, the memory that contains the
content is not overwritten or deallocated without calling the content=E2=80=
=99s destructors.
This can be tricky, as witnessed by <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.=
org/std/collections/struct.VecDeque.html" title=3D"collections::VecDeque">V=
ecDeque</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>: the destructor of
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.VecDeque.=
html" title=3D"collections::VecDeque">VecDeque</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> can fail=
to call <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html#tymet=
hod.drop" title=3D"method std::ops::Drop::drop"><code>drop</code></a> on al=
l elements if one of the
destructors panics. This violates the <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/=
std/ops/trait.Drop.html" title=3D"trait std::ops::Drop"><code>Drop</code></=
a> guarantee, because it can lead to
elements being deallocated without their destructor being called.
(<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.VecDeque=
.html" title=3D"collections::VecDeque">VecDeque</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> has no =
pinning projections, so this
does not cause unsoundness.)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You must not offer any other operations that could lead to data being mo=
ved out of
the structural fields when your type is pinned. For example, if the struct =
contains an
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html" tit=
le=3D"enum std::option::Option">Option</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> and there is a <=
a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#method.take=
" title=3D"method std::option::Option::take"><code>take</code></a>-like ope=
ration with type
<code>fn(<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" titl=
e=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/=
std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Stru=
ct&lt;T&gt;&gt;) -&gt; <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum=
.Option.html" title=3D"enum std::option::Option">Option</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>=
,
that operation can be used to move a <code>T</code> out of a pinned <code>S=
truct&lt;T&gt;</code> =E2=80=93 which means
pinning cannot be structural for the field holding this data.</p>
<p>For a more complex example of moving data out of a pinned type,
imagine if <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCe=
ll.html" title=3D"cell::RefCell">RefCell</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> had a method
<code>fn get_pin_mut(self: <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/str=
uct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://=
doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference"=
>&amp;mut</a> Self&gt;) -&gt; <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/=
struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https=
://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable referen=
ce">&amp;mut</a> T&gt;</code>.
Then we could do the following:</p>
<div class=3D"example-wrap compile_fail"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.o=
rg/std/pin/index.html#" class=3D"tooltip" title=3D"This example deliberatel=
y fails to compile">=E2=93=98</a><pre class=3D"rust rust-example-rendered">=
<code><span class=3D"kw">fn </span>exploit_ref_cell&lt;T&gt;(rc: Pin&lt;<sp=
an class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut </span>RefCell&lt;T&gt;&gt;) {
{ <span class=3D"kw">let </span>p =3D rc.as_mut().get_pin_mut(); } <spa=
n class=3D"comment">// Here we get pinned access to the `T`.
</span><span class=3D"kw">let </span>rc_shr: <span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;=
</span>RefCell&lt;T&gt; =3D rc.into_ref().get_ref();
<span class=3D"kw">let </span>b =3D rc_shr.borrow_mut();
<span class=3D"kw">let </span>content =3D <span class=3D"kw-2">&amp;mut=
*</span>b; <span class=3D"comment">// And here we have `&amp;mut T` to the=
same data.
</span>}</code></pre><a class=3D"test-arrow" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http=
s://play.rust-lang.org/?code=3D%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn+main()+%7B%0Afn=
+exploit_ref_cell%3CT%3E(rc:+Pin%3C%26mut+RefCell%3CT%3E%3E)+%7B%0A++++%7B+=
let+p+=3D+rc.as_mut().get_pin_mut();+%7D+//+Here+we+get+pinned+access+to+th=
e+%60T%60.%0A++++let+rc_shr:+%26RefCell%3CT%3E+=3D+rc.into_ref().get_ref();=
%0A++++let+b+=3D+rc_shr.borrow_mut();%0A++++let+content+=3D+%26mut+*b;+//+A=
nd+here+we+have+%60%26mut+T%60+to+the+same+data.%0A%7D%0A%7D&amp;edition=3D=
2021">Run</a></div>
<p>This is catastrophic, it means we can first pin the content of the
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html" ti=
tle=3D"cell::RefCell">RefCell</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> (using <code><a href=3D"h=
ttps://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html" title=3D"cell::RefCe=
ll">RefCell</a>::get_pin_mut</code>) and then move that
content using the mutable reference we got later.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id=3D"examples"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/index.html=
#examples">Examples</a></h3>
<p>For a type like <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struc=
t.Vec.html" title=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>, both possibilities (stru=
ctural pinning or not) make
sense. A <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html=
" title=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> with structural pinning could have =
<code>get_pin</code>/<code>get_pin_mut</code>
methods to get pinned references to elements. However, it could <em>not</em=
> allow calling
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.pop" ti=
tle=3D"Vec::pop"><code>pop</code></a> on a pinned <code><a href=3D"https://=
doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html" title=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&gt;</=
code> because that would move the (structurally
pinned) contents! Nor could it allow <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.push" title=3D"Vec::push"><code>push</code></=
a>, which might reallocate and thus also
move the contents.</p>
<p>A <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html" ti=
tle=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> without structural pinning could
<code>impl&lt;T&gt; <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.U=
npin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a> for <a href=3D"http=
s://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html" title=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&g=
t;</code>, because the contents are never pinned
and the <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html"=
title=3D"Vec">Vec</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> itself is fine with being moved as w=
ell.
At that point pinning just has no effect on the vector at all.</p>
<p>In the standard library, pointer types generally do not have structural =
pinning,
and thus they do not offer pinning projections. This is why <code><a href=
=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box<=
/a>&lt;T&gt;: <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.h=
tml" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a></code>
holds for all <code>T</code>. It makes sense to do this for pointer types, =
because moving the
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=
=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> does not actually move the <code>T</code>:=
the <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" =
title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> can be freely
movable (aka <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Unpin.ht=
ml" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a>) even if the =
<code>T</code> is not. In fact, even <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang=
.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a =
href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">=
Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code> and
<code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=
=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/s=
td/primitive.reference.html" title=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> T&gt;=
</code> are always <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Un=
pin.html" title=3D"trait std::marker::Unpin"><code>Unpin</code></a> themsel=
ves, for the same reason:
their contents (the <code>T</code>) are pinned, but the pointers themselves=
can be moved without moving
the pinned data. For both <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/bo=
xed/struct.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code><a hre=
f=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std=
::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struc=
t.Box.html" title=3D"Box">Box</a>&lt;T&gt;&gt;</code>,
whether the content is pinned is entirely independent of whether the
pointer is pinned, meaning pinning is <em>not</em> structural.</p>
<p>When implementing a <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trai=
t.Future.html" title=3D"future::Future"><code>Future</code></a> combinator,=
you will usually need structural pinning
for the nested futures, as you need to get pinned references to them to cal=
l <a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html#tymetho=
d.poll" title=3D"future::Future::poll"><code>poll</code></a>.
But if your combinator contains any other data that does not need to be pin=
ned,
you can make those fields not structural and hence freely access them with =
a
mutable reference even when you just have <code><a href=3D"https://doc.rust=
-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&l=
t;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.reference.html" title=
=3D"mutable reference">&amp;mut</a> Self&gt;</code> (such as in your own
<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html#tymethod.=
poll" title=3D"future::Future::poll"><code>poll</code></a> implementation).=
</p>
</div></details><h2 id=3D"macros" class=3D"small-section-header"><a href=3D=
"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/index.html#macros">Macros</a></h2><ul cl=
ass=3D"item-table"><li><div class=3D"item-name"><a class=3D"macro" href=3D"=
https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/macro.pin.html" title=3D"macro std::pin::=
pin">pin</a></div><div class=3D"desc docblock-short">Constructs a <code><a =
href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct =
std::pin::Pin">Pin</a>&lt;<a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitiv=
e.reference.html" title=3D"primitive reference">&amp;mut</a> T&gt;</code>, =
by pinning a <code>value: T</code> locally.</div></li></ul><h2 id=3D"struct=
s" class=3D"small-section-header"><a href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/=
pin/index.html#structs">Structs</a></h2><ul class=3D"item-table"><li><div c=
lass=3D"item-name"><a class=3D"struct" href=3D"https://doc.rust-lang.org/st=
d/pin/struct.Pin.html" title=3D"struct std::pin::Pin">Pin</a></div><div cla=
ss=3D"desc docblock-short">A pinned pointer.</div></li></ul></section></div=
></main></body><scispace-div id=3D"scispace-extension-root"><template shado=
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.item-name .stab { margin-left: 0.3125em; }
.stab { padding: 0px 2px; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: normal; color: =
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a.tooltip:hover::after { position: absolute; top: calc(100% - 10px); left: =
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