jj/docs/tutorial.md

Tutorial

Hint: This tutorial has become somewhat out of date. Many people find the alternative (not quite finished) tutorial by Steve Klabnik helpful.

This text assumes that the reader is familiar with Git.

Preparation

If you haven't already, make sure you install and configure Jujutsu.

Cloning a Git repository

Hint: Most identifiers used in this tutorial will be different when you try this at home!

Let's start by cloning GitHub's Hello-World repo using jj:

# Note the "git" before "clone" (there is no support for cloning native jj
# repos yet)
$ jj git clone https://github.com/octocat/Hello-World
Fetching into new repo in "/tmp/tmp.O1DWMiaKd4/Hello-World"
bookmark: master@origin          [new] untracked
bookmark: octocat-patch-1@origin [new] untracked
bookmark: test@origin            [new] untracked
Setting the revset alias "trunk()" to "master@origin"
Working copy now at: kntqzsqt d7439b06 (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit      : orrkosyo 7fd1a60b master | (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
Added 1 files, modified 0 files, removed 0 files
$ cd Hello-World

Running jj st (short for jj status) now yields something like this:

$ jj st
The working copy is clean
Working copy : kntqzsqt d7439b06 (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit: orrkosyo 7fd1a60b master | (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1

Let's look at that output as it introduces new concepts. You can see two commits: Parent and working copy. Both are identified using two separate identifiers: the "change ID" and the "commit ID".

The parent commit, for example, has the change ID orrkosyo and the commit ID 7fd1a60b.

Git users: The commit ID/hash is what you're used to from Git and should match what you see when you look at the repository using git log in a Git checkout of the repository. The change ID however, is a new concept, unique to Jujutsu.

We can also see from the output above that our working copy is an actual commit with a commit ID (d7439b06 in the example). When you make a change in the working copy, the working-copy commit gets automatically amended by the next jj command.

Git users: This is a huge difference from Git where the working copy is a separate concept and not yet a commit.

Changes

A change is a commit that can evolve while keeping a stable identifier (similar to Gerrit's Change-Id). In other words: You can make changes to files in a change, resulting in a new commit hash, but the change ID will remain the same.

You can see that our clone operation automatically created a new change:

Working copy : kntqzsqt d7439b06 (empty) (no description set)

This new change has the ID kntqzsqt and it is currently empty (contains no changes compared to the parent) and has no description.

Creating our first change

Let's say we want to edit the README file in the repo to say "Goodbye" instead of "Hello". Start by describing the change (adding a commit message) so we don't forget what we're working on:

# This brings up $EDITOR (or `pico` or `Notepad` by default).
# Enter something like "Say goodbye" in the editor and then save the file and close
# the editor.
$ jj describe
Working copy now at: kntqzsqt e427edcf (empty) Say goodbye
Parent commit      : orrkosyo 7fd1a60b master | (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1

Now make the change in the README:

# Adjust as necessary for compatibility with your flavor of `sed`
$ sed -i 's/Hello/Goodbye/' README
$ jj st
Working copy changes:
M README
Working copy : kntqzsqt 5d39e19d Say goodbye
Parent commit: orrkosyo 7fd1a60b master | (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1

Note that you didn't have to tell Jujutsu to add the change like you would with git add. You actually don't even need to tell it when you add new files or remove existing files. To untrack a path, add it to your .gitignore and run jj file untrack <path>.

Also note that the commit hash for our current change (kntqzsqt) changed from e427edcf to 5d39e19d!

To see the diff, run jj diff:

$ jj diff --git  # Feel free to skip the `--git` flag
diff --git a/README b/README
index 980a0d5f19...1ce3f81130 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@
-Hello World!
+Goodbye World!

Jujutsu's diff format currently defaults to inline coloring of the diff (like git diff --color-words), so we used --git above to make the diff readable in this tutorial.

As you may have noticed, the working-copy commit's ID changed both when we edited the description and when we edited the README. However, the parent commit stayed the same. Each change to the working-copy commit amends the previous version. So how do we tell Jujutsu that we are done amending the current change and want to start working on a new one? That is what jj new is for. That will create a new commit on top of your current working-copy commit. The new commit is for the working-copy changes.

So, let's say we're now done with this change, so we create a new change:

$ jj new
Working copy now at: mpqrykyp aef4df99 (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit      : kntqzsqt 5d39e19d Say goodbye
$ jj st
The working copy is clean
Working copy : mpqrykyp aef4df99 (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit: kntqzsqt 5d39e19d Say goodbye

If we later realize that we want to make further changes, we can make them in the working copy and then run jj squash. That command squashes (moves) the changes from a given commit into its parent commit. Like most commands, it acts on the working-copy commit by default. When run on the working-copy commit, it behaves very similar to git commit --amend, and jj amend is in fact an alias for jj squash.

Alternatively, we can use jj edit <commit> to resume editing a commit in the working copy. Any further changes in the working copy will then amend the commit. Whether you choose to create a new change and squash, or to edit, typically depends on how done you are with the change; if the change is almost done, it makes sense to use jj new so you can easily review your adjustments with jj diff before running jj squash.

To view how a change has evolved over time, we can use jj evolog to see each recorded change for the current commit. This records changes to the working copy, message, squashes, rebases, etc.

The log command and "revsets"

You're probably familiar with git log. Jujutsu has very similar functionality in its jj log command:

$ jj log
@  mpqrykyp martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:00:22.000 -08:00 aef4df99
│  (empty) (no description set)
◉  kntqzsqt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 14:56:59.000 -08:00 5d39e19d
│  Say goodbye
│ ◉  tpstlust support+octocat@github.com 2018-05-10 12:55:19.000 -05:00 octocat-patch-1@origin b1b3f972
├─╯  sentence case
│ ◉  kowxouwz octocat@nowhere.com 2014-06-10 15:22:26.000 -07:00 test@origin b3cbd5bb
├─╯  Create CONTRIBUTING.md
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
│  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
~

The @ indicates the working-copy commit. The first ID on a line (e.g. "mpqrykyp" above) is the change ID. The second ID is the commit ID. You can give either ID to commands that take revisions as arguments. We will generally prefer change IDs because they stay the same when the commit is rewritten.

By default, jj log lists your local commits, with some remote commits added for context. The ~ indicates that the commit has parents that are not included in the graph. We can use the --revisions/-r flag to select a different set of revisions to list. The flag accepts a "revset", which is an expression in a simple language for specifying revisions. For example, @ refers to the working-copy commit, root() refers to the root commit, bookmarks() refers to all commits pointed to by bookmarks (similar to Git's branches). We can combine expressions with | for union, & for intersection and ~ for difference. For example:

$ jj log -r '@ | root() | bookmarks()'
@  mpqrykyp martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:00:22.000 -08:00 aef4df99
╷  (empty) (no description set)
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
╷  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
◉  zzzzzzzz root() 00000000

The 00000000 commit (change ID zzzzzzzz) is a virtual commit that's called the "root commit". It's the root commit of every repo. The root() function in the revset matches it.

There are also operators for getting the parents (foo-), children (foo+), ancestors (::foo), descendants (foo::), DAG range (foo::bar, like git log --ancestry-path), range (foo..bar, same as Git's). See the revset documentation for all revset operators and functions.

Hint: If the default jj log omits some commits you expect to see, you can always run jj log -r :: (or, equivalently, jj log -r 'all()') to see all the commits.

Conflicts

Now let's see how Jujutsu deals with merge conflicts. We'll start by making some commits. We use jj new with the --message/-m option to set change descriptions (commit messages) right away.

# Start creating a chain of commits off of the `master` bookmark
$ jj new master -m A; echo a > file1
Working copy now at: nuvyytnq 00a2aeed (empty) A
Parent commit      : orrkosyo 7fd1a60b master | (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
Added 0 files, modified 1 files, removed 0 files
$ jj new -m B1; echo b1 > file1
Working copy now at: ovknlmro 967d9f9f (empty) B1
Parent commit      : nuvyytnq 5dda2f09 A
$ jj new -m B2; echo b2 > file1
Working copy now at: puqltutt 8ebeaffa (empty) B2
Parent commit      : ovknlmro 7d7c6e6b B1
$ jj new -m C; echo c > file2
Working copy now at: qzvqqupx 62a3c6d3 (empty) C
Parent commit      : puqltutt daa6ffd5 B2
$ jj log
@  qzvqqupx martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:41.946 -08:00 2370ddf3
│  C
◉  puqltutt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:33.000 -08:00 daa6ffd5
│  B2
◉  ovknlmro martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:24.000 -08:00 7d7c6e6b
│  B1
◉  nuvyytnq martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:05.000 -08:00 5dda2f09
│  A
│ ◉  kntqzsqt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 14:56:59.000 -08:00 5d39e19d
├─╯  Say goodbye
│ ◉  tpstlust support+octocat@github.com 2018-05-10 12:55:19.000 -05:00 octocat-patch-1@origin b1b3f972
├─╯  sentence case
│ ◉  kowxouwz octocat@nowhere.com 2014-06-10 15:22:26.000 -07:00 test@origin b3cbd5bb
├─╯  Create CONTRIBUTING.md
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
│  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
~

We now have a few commits, where A, B1, and B2 modify the same file, while C modifies a different file. Let's now rebase B2 directly onto A. We use the --source/-s option on the change ID of B2, and --destination/-d option on A.

$ jj rebase -s puqltutt -d nuvyytnq  # Replace the IDs by what you have for B2 and A
Rebased 2 commits
Working copy now at: qzvqqupx 1978b534 (conflict) C
Parent commit      : puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2
Added 0 files, modified 1 files, removed 0 files
There are unresolved conflicts at these paths:
file1    2-sided conflict
New conflicts appeared in these commits:
  qzvqqupx 1978b534 (conflict) C
  puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2
To resolve the conflicts, start by updating to the first one:
  jj new puqltuttzvly
Then use `jj resolve`, or edit the conflict markers in the file directly.
Once the conflicts are resolved, you may want to inspect the result with `jj diff`.
Then run `jj squash` to move the resolution into the conflicted commit.

$ jj log
@  qzvqqupx martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:08:33.000 -08:00 1978b534 conflict
│  C
◉  puqltutt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:08:33.000 -08:00 f7fb5943 conflict
│  B2
│ ◉  ovknlmro martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:24.000 -08:00 7d7c6e6b
├─╯  B1
◉  nuvyytnq martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:05.000 -08:00 5dda2f09
│  A
│ ◉  kntqzsqt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 14:56:59.000 -08:00 5d39e19d
├─╯  Say goodbye
│ ◉  tpstlust support+octocat@github.com 2018-05-10 12:55:19.000 -05:00 octocat-patch-1@origin b1b3f972
├─╯  sentence case
│ ◉  kowxouwz octocat@nowhere.com 2014-06-10 15:22:26.000 -07:00 test@origin b3cbd5bb
├─╯  Create CONTRIBUTING.md
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
│  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
~

There are several things worth noting here. First, the jj rebase command said "Rebased 2 commits". That's because we asked it to rebase commit B2 with the -s option, which also rebases descendants (commit C in this case). Second, because B2 modified the same file (and word) as B1, rebasing it resulted in conflicts, as the output indicates. Third, the conflicts did not prevent the rebase from completing successfully, nor did it prevent C from getting rebased on top.

Now let's resolve the conflict in B2. We'll do that by creating a new commit on top of B2. Once we've resolved the conflict, we'll squash the conflict resolution into the conflicted B2. That might look like this:

$ jj new puqltutt  # Replace the ID by what you have for B2
Working copy now at: zxoosnnp c7068d1c (conflict) (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit      : puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2
Added 0 files, modified 0 files, removed 1 files
There are unresolved conflicts at these paths:
file1    2-sided conflict

$ jj st
The working copy is clean
There are unresolved conflicts at these paths:
file1    2-sided conflict
Working copy : zxoosnnp c7068d1c (conflict) (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit: puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2
To resolve the conflicts, start by updating to it:
  jj new puqltutt
Then use `jj resolve`, or edit the conflict markers in the file directly.
Once the conflicts are resolved, you may want to inspect the result with `jj diff`.
Then run `jj squash` to move the resolution into the conflicted commit.

$ cat file1
<<<<<<< Conflict 1 of 1
%%%%%%% Changes from base to side #1
-b1+a+++++++ Contents of side #2
b2>>>>>>> Conflict 1 of 1 ends

$ echo resolved > file1

$ jj st
Working copy changes:
M file1
Working copy : zxoosnnp c2a31a06 (no description set)
Parent commit: puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2
Conflict in parent commit has been resolved in working copy

$ jj squash
Rebased 1 descendant commits
Working copy now at: ntxxqymr e3c279cc (empty) (no description set)
Parent commit      : puqltutt 2c7a658e B2
Existing conflicts were resolved or abandoned from these commits:
  qzvqqupx hidden 1978b534 (conflict) C
  puqltutt hidden f7fb5943 (conflict) B2

$ jj log
@  ntxxqymr martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:34:09.000 -08:00 e3c279cc
│  (empty) (no description set)
│ ◉  qzvqqupx martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:34:09.000 -08:00 b9da9d28
├─╯  C
◉  puqltutt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:34:09.000 -08:00 2c7a658e
│  B2
│ ◉  ovknlmro martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:24.000 -08:00 7d7c6e6b
├─╯  B1
◉  nuvyytnq martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:05.000 -08:00 5dda2f09
│  A
│ ◉  kntqzsqt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 14:56:59.000 -08:00 5d39e19d
├─╯  Say goodbye
│ ◉  tpstlust support+octocat@github.com 2018-05-10 12:55:19.000 -05:00 octocat-patch-1@origin b1b3f972
├─╯  sentence case
│ ◉  kowxouwz octocat@nowhere.com 2014-06-10 15:22:26.000 -07:00 test@origin b3cbd5bb
├─╯  Create CONTRIBUTING.md
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
│  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
~

Note that commit C automatically got rebased on top of the resolved B2, and that C is also resolved (since it modified only a different file).

By the way, if we want to get rid of B1 now, we can run jj abandon ovknlmro. That will hide the commit from the log output and will rebase any descendants to its parent.

The operation log

Jujutsu keeps a record of all changes you've made to the repo in what's called the "operation log". Use the jj op (short for jj operation) family of commands to interact with it. To list the operations, use jj op log:

$ jj op log
@  d3b77addea49 martinvonz@vonz.svl.corp.google.com 3 minutes ago, lasted 3 milliseconds
│  squash commit 63874fe6c4fba405ffc38b0dd926f03b715cf7ef
│  args: jj squash
◉  6fc1873c1180 martinvonz@vonz.svl.corp.google.com 3 minutes ago, lasted 1 milliseconds
│  snapshot working copy
│  args: jj squash
◉  ed91f7bcc1fb martinvonz@vonz.svl.corp.google.com 6 minutes ago, lasted 1 milliseconds
│  new empty commit
│  args: jj new puqltutt
◉  367400773f87 martinvonz@vonz.svl.corp.google.com 12 minutes ago, lasted 3 milliseconds
│  rebase commit daa6ffd5a09a8a7d09a65796194e69b7ed0a566d and descendants
│  args: jj rebase -s puqltutt -d nuvyytnq
[many more lines]

The most useful command is jj undo (alias for jj op undo), which will undo an operation. By default, it will undo the most recent operation. Let's try it:

$ jj undo
New conflicts appeared in these commits:
  qzvqqupx 1978b534 (conflict) C
  puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2
To resolve the conflicts, start by updating to the first one:
  jj new puqltuttzvly
Then use `jj resolve`, or edit the conflict markers in the file directly.
Once the conflicts are resolved, you may want to inspect the result with `jj diff`.
Then run `jj squash` to move the resolution into the conflicted commit.
Working copy now at: zxoosnnp 63874fe6 (no description set)
Parent commit      : puqltutt f7fb5943 (conflict) B2

$ jj log
@  zxoosnnp martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:34:09.000 -08:00 63874fe6
│  (no description set)
│ ◉  qzvqqupx martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:08:33.000 -08:00 1978b534 conflict
├─╯  C
◉  puqltutt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:08:33.000 -08:00 f7fb5943 conflict
│  B2
│ ◉  ovknlmro martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:24.000 -08:00 7d7c6e6b
├─╯  B1
◉  nuvyytnq martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 15:07:05.000 -08:00 5dda2f09
│  A
│ ◉  kntqzsqt martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 14:56:59.000 -08:00 5d39e19d
├─╯  Say goodbye
│ ◉  tpstlust support+octocat@github.com 2018-05-10 12:55:19.000 -05:00 octocat-patch-1@origin b1b3f972
├─╯  sentence case
│ ◉  kowxouwz octocat@nowhere.com 2014-06-10 15:22:26.000 -07:00 test@origin b3cbd5bb
├─╯  Create CONTRIBUTING.md
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
│  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
~

As you can perhaps see, that undid the jj squash invocation we used for squashing the conflict resolution into commit B2 earlier. Notice that it also updated the working copy.

You can also view the repo the way it looked after some earlier operation. For example, if you want to see jj log output right after the jj rebase operation, try jj log --at-op=367400773f87 but use the hash from your own jj op log.

Moving content changes between commits

You have already seen how jj squash can combine the changes from two commits into one. There are several other commands for changing the contents of existing commits.

We'll need some more complex content to test these commands, so let's create a few more commits:

$ jj new master -m abc; printf 'a\nb\nc\n' > file
Working copy now at: ztqrpvnw f94e49cf (empty) abc
Parent commit      : orrkosyo 7fd1a60b master | (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
Added 0 files, modified 0 files, removed 1 files

$ jj new -m ABC; printf 'A\nB\nc\n' > file
Working copy now at: kwtuwqnm 6f30cd1f (empty) ABC
Parent commit      : ztqrpvnw 51002261 ab

$ jj new -m ABCD; printf 'A\nB\nC\nD\n' > file
Working copy now at: mrxqplyk a6749154 (empty) ABCD
Parent commit      : kwtuwqnm 30aecc08 ABC

$ jj log -r master::@
@  mrxqplyk martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:38:21.000 -08:00 b98c607b
│  ABCD
◉  kwtuwqnm martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:38:12.000 -08:00 30aecc08
│  ABC
◉  ztqrpvnw martinvonz@google.com 2023-02-12 19:38:03.000 -08:00 51002261
│  abc
◉  orrkosyo octocat@nowhere.com 2012-03-06 15:06:50.000 -08:00 master 7fd1a60b
│  (empty) Merge pull request #6 from Spaceghost/patch-1
~

We "forgot" to capitalize "c" in the second commit when we capitalized the other letters. We then fixed that in the third commit when we also added "D". It would be cleaner to move the capitalization of "c" into the second commit. We can do that by running jj squash with the --interactive/-i option on the third commit. Remember that jj squash moves all the changes from one commit into its parent. jj squash -i moves only part of the changes into its parent. Now try that:

$ jj squash -i
Hint: Using default editor ':builtin'; run `jj config set --user ui.diff-editor :builtin` to disable this message.
Rebased 1 descendant commits
Working copy now at: mrxqplyk 52a6c7fd ABCD
Parent commit      : kwtuwqnm 643061ac ABC

That will bring up the built-in diff editor¹ with a diff of the changes in the "ABCD" commit. Expand the file by clicking on (+) or with right arrow, then select the sections/line to include by clicking or using space. Once complete, press c to confirm changes, or q to exit without saving. You can also use the mouse to click on the menu items to see more options (keyboard navigation is currently limited).

If we look at the diff of the second commit, we now see that all three lines got capitalized:

$ jj diff -r @- --git
diff --git a/file b/file
index de980441c3..b1e67221af 100644
--- a/file
+++ b/file
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-a
-b
-c
+A
+B
+C

The child change ("ABCD" in our case) will have the same content state after the jj squash command. That means that you can move any changes you want into the parent change, even if they touch the same word, and it won't cause any conflicts.

Let's try one final command for changing the contents of an exiting commit. That command is jj diffedit, which lets you edit the changes in a commit without checking it out.

$ jj diffedit -r @-
Hint: Using default editor ':builtin'; run `jj config set --user ui.diff-editor :builtin` to disable this message.
Created kwtuwqnm 70985eaa (empty) ABC
Rebased 1 descendant commits
Working copy now at: mrxqplyk 1c72cd50 (conflict) ABCD
Parent commit      : kwtuwqnm 70985eaa (empty) ABC
Added 0 files, modified 1 files, removed 0 files
There are unresolved conflicts at these paths:
file    2-sided conflict
New conflicts appeared in these commits:
  mrxqplyk 1c72cd50 (conflict) ABCD
To resolve the conflicts, start by updating to it:
  jj new mrxqplykmyqv
Then use `jj resolve`, or edit the conflict markers in the file directly.
Once the conflicts are resolved, you may want to inspect the result with `jj diff`.
Then run `jj squash` to move the resolution into the conflicted commit.

In the diff editor, use the arrow keys and spacebar to select all lines but the last. Press 'c' to save the changes and close it. You can now inspect the rewritten commit with jj diff -r @- again, and you should see your deletion of the last line. Unlike jj squash -i, which left the content state of the commit unchanged, jj diffedit (typically) results in a different state, which means that descendant commits may have conflicts.

Another command for rewriting contents of existing commits is jj split. Now that you've seen how jj squash -i and jj diffedit work, you can hopefully figure out how it works (with the help of the instructions in the diff).

---

1. There are many other diff editors you could use. For example, if you have Meld installed and in the PATH, you can use it via jj squash -i --tool meld or a fancier config with jj squash -i --tool meld-3. You can configure the default with the ui.diff-editor option; those docs also explain how to specify a path to an executable if it is not in the PATH. ↩︎